diff options
author | Mikko Tiusanen <ams@daug.net> | 2014-05-04 01:18:52 +0300 |
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committer | Mikko Tiusanen <ams@daug.net> | 2014-05-04 01:18:52 +0300 |
commit | 01beb9919b95479d8be040bec74abc5cc67a5e43 (patch) | |
tree | 65f0b79e793848491832756a4c3a32b23668fab3 /src/qcommon/vm_interpreted.c | |
parent | 191d731da136b7ee959a17e63111c9146219a768 (diff) |
Initial import.
Diffstat (limited to 'src/qcommon/vm_interpreted.c')
-rw-r--r-- | src/qcommon/vm_interpreted.c | 909 |
1 files changed, 909 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/qcommon/vm_interpreted.c b/src/qcommon/vm_interpreted.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b9ffea --- /dev/null +++ b/src/qcommon/vm_interpreted.c @@ -0,0 +1,909 @@ +/* +=========================================================================== +Copyright (C) 1999-2005 Id Software, Inc. +Copyright (C) 2000-2009 Darklegion Development + +This file is part of Tremulous. + +Tremulous is free software; you can redistribute it +and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as +published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, +or (at your option) any later version. + +Tremulous is distributed in the hope that it will be +useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +GNU General Public License for more details. + +You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +along with Tremulous; if not, write to the Free Software +Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA +=========================================================================== +*/ +#include "vm_local.h" + +//#define DEBUG_VM +#ifdef DEBUG_VM +static char *opnames[256] = { + "OP_UNDEF", + + "OP_IGNORE", + + "OP_BREAK", + + "OP_ENTER", + "OP_LEAVE", + "OP_CALL", + "OP_PUSH", + "OP_POP", + + "OP_CONST", + + "OP_LOCAL", + + "OP_JUMP", + + //------------------- + + "OP_EQ", + "OP_NE", + + "OP_LTI", + "OP_LEI", + "OP_GTI", + "OP_GEI", + + "OP_LTU", + "OP_LEU", + "OP_GTU", + "OP_GEU", + + "OP_EQF", + "OP_NEF", + + "OP_LTF", + "OP_LEF", + "OP_GTF", + "OP_GEF", + + //------------------- + + "OP_LOAD1", + "OP_LOAD2", + "OP_LOAD4", + "OP_STORE1", + "OP_STORE2", + "OP_STORE4", + "OP_ARG", + + "OP_BLOCK_COPY", + + //------------------- + + "OP_SEX8", + "OP_SEX16", + + "OP_NEGI", + "OP_ADD", + "OP_SUB", + "OP_DIVI", + "OP_DIVU", + "OP_MODI", + "OP_MODU", + "OP_MULI", + "OP_MULU", + + "OP_BAND", + "OP_BOR", + "OP_BXOR", + "OP_BCOM", + + "OP_LSH", + "OP_RSHI", + "OP_RSHU", + + "OP_NEGF", + "OP_ADDF", + "OP_SUBF", + "OP_DIVF", + "OP_MULF", + + "OP_CVIF", + "OP_CVFI" +}; +#endif + +#if idppc + +//FIXME: these, um... look the same to me +#if defined(__GNUC__) +static ID_INLINE unsigned int loadWord(void *addr) { + unsigned int word; + + asm("lwbrx %0,0,%1" : "=r" (word) : "r" (addr)); + return word; +} +#else +static ID_INLINE unsigned int __lwbrx(register void *addr, + register int offset) { + register unsigned int word; + + asm("lwbrx %0,%2,%1" : "=r" (word) : "r" (addr), "b" (offset)); + return word; +} +#define loadWord(addr) __lwbrx(addr,0) +#endif + +#else + static ID_INLINE int loadWord(void *addr) { + int word; + memcpy(&word, addr, 4); + return LittleLong(word); + } +#endif + +char *VM_Indent( vm_t *vm ) { + static char *string = " "; + if ( vm->callLevel > 20 ) { + return string; + } + return string + 2 * ( 20 - vm->callLevel ); +} + +void VM_StackTrace( vm_t *vm, int programCounter, int programStack ) { + int count; + + count = 0; + do { + Com_Printf( "%s\n", VM_ValueToSymbol( vm, programCounter ) ); + programStack = *(int *)&vm->dataBase[programStack+4]; + programCounter = *(int *)&vm->dataBase[programStack]; + } while ( programCounter != -1 && ++count < 32 ); + +} + + +/* +==================== +VM_PrepareInterpreter +==================== +*/ +void VM_PrepareInterpreter( vm_t *vm, vmHeader_t *header ) { + int op; + int byte_pc; + int int_pc; + byte *code; + int instruction; + int *codeBase; + + vm->codeBase = Hunk_Alloc( vm->codeLength*4, h_high ); // we're now int aligned +// memcpy( vm->codeBase, (byte *)header + header->codeOffset, vm->codeLength ); + + // we don't need to translate the instructions, but we still need + // to find each instructions starting point for jumps + int_pc = byte_pc = 0; + instruction = 0; + code = (byte *)header + header->codeOffset; + codeBase = (int *)vm->codeBase; + + // Copy and expand instructions to words while building instruction table + while ( instruction < header->instructionCount ) { + vm->instructionPointers[ instruction ] = int_pc; + instruction++; + + op = (int)code[ byte_pc ]; + codeBase[int_pc] = op; + if ( byte_pc > header->codeLength ) { + Com_Error( ERR_FATAL, "VM_PrepareInterpreter: pc > header->codeLength" ); + } + + byte_pc++; + int_pc++; + + // these are the only opcodes that aren't a single byte + switch ( op ) { + case OP_ENTER: + case OP_CONST: + case OP_LOCAL: + case OP_LEAVE: + case OP_EQ: + case OP_NE: + case OP_LTI: + case OP_LEI: + case OP_GTI: + case OP_GEI: + case OP_LTU: + case OP_LEU: + case OP_GTU: + case OP_GEU: + case OP_EQF: + case OP_NEF: + case OP_LTF: + case OP_LEF: + case OP_GTF: + case OP_GEF: + case OP_BLOCK_COPY: + codeBase[int_pc] = loadWord(&code[byte_pc]); + byte_pc += 4; + int_pc++; + break; + case OP_ARG: + codeBase[int_pc] = (int)code[byte_pc]; + byte_pc++; + int_pc++; + break; + default: + break; + } + + } + int_pc = 0; + instruction = 0; + code = (byte *)header + header->codeOffset; + + // Now that the code has been expanded to int-sized opcodes, we'll translate instruction index + //into an index into codeBase[], which contains opcodes and operands. + while ( instruction < header->instructionCount ) { + op = codeBase[ int_pc ]; + instruction++; + int_pc++; + + switch ( op ) { + // These ops need to translate addresses in jumps from instruction index to int index + case OP_EQ: + case OP_NE: + case OP_LTI: + case OP_LEI: + case OP_GTI: + case OP_GEI: + case OP_LTU: + case OP_LEU: + case OP_GTU: + case OP_GEU: + case OP_EQF: + case OP_NEF: + case OP_LTF: + case OP_LEF: + case OP_GTF: + case OP_GEF: + // codeBase[pc] is the instruction index. Convert that into an offset into + //the int-aligned codeBase[] by the lookup table. + codeBase[int_pc] = vm->instructionPointers[codeBase[int_pc]]; + int_pc++; + break; + + // These opcodes have an operand that isn't an instruction index + case OP_ENTER: + case OP_CONST: + case OP_LOCAL: + case OP_LEAVE: + case OP_BLOCK_COPY: + case OP_ARG: + int_pc++; + break; + + default: + break; + } + + } +} + +/* +============== +VM_Call + + +Upon a system call, the stack will look like: + +sp+32 parm1 +sp+28 parm0 +sp+24 return stack +sp+20 return address +sp+16 local1 +sp+14 local0 +sp+12 arg1 +sp+8 arg0 +sp+4 return stack +sp return address + +An interpreted function will immediately execute +an OP_ENTER instruction, which will subtract space for +locals from sp +============== +*/ + +#define DEBUGSTR va("%s%i", VM_Indent(vm), opStack-stack ) + +int VM_CallInterpreted( vm_t *vm, int *args ) { + int stack[OPSTACK_SIZE]; + int *opStack; + int programCounter; + int programStack; + int stackOnEntry; + byte *image; + int *codeImage; + int v1; + int dataMask; +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + vmSymbol_t *profileSymbol; +#endif + + // interpret the code + vm->currentlyInterpreting = qtrue; + + // we might be called recursively, so this might not be the very top + programStack = stackOnEntry = vm->programStack; + +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + profileSymbol = VM_ValueToFunctionSymbol( vm, 0 ); + // uncomment this for debugging breakpoints + vm->breakFunction = 0; +#endif + // set up the stack frame + + image = vm->dataBase; + codeImage = (int *)vm->codeBase; + dataMask = vm->dataMask; + + // leave a free spot at start of stack so + // that as long as opStack is valid, opStack-1 will + // not corrupt anything + opStack = stack; + programCounter = 0; + + programStack -= 48; + + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 44] = args[9]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 40] = args[8]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 36] = args[7]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 32] = args[6]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 28] = args[5]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 24] = args[4]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 20] = args[3]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 16] = args[2]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 12] = args[1]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 8 ] = args[0]; + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 4 ] = 0; // return stack + *(int *)&image[ programStack ] = -1; // will terminate the loop on return + + VM_Debug(0); + +// vm_debugLevel=2; + // main interpreter loop, will exit when a LEAVE instruction + // grabs the -1 program counter + +#define r2 codeImage[programCounter] + + while ( 1 ) { + int opcode, r0, r1; +// unsigned int r2; + +nextInstruction: + r0 = ((int *)opStack)[0]; + r1 = ((int *)opStack)[-1]; +nextInstruction2: +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + if ( (unsigned)programCounter >= vm->codeLength ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM pc out of range" ); + } + + if ( opStack < stack ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM opStack underflow" ); + } + if ( opStack >= stack+OPSTACK_SIZE ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM opStack overflow" ); + } + + if ( programStack <= vm->stackBottom ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM stack overflow" ); + } + + if ( programStack & 3 ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM program stack misaligned" ); + } + + if ( vm_debugLevel > 1 ) { + Com_Printf( "%s %s\n", DEBUGSTR, opnames[opcode] ); + } + profileSymbol->profileCount++; +#endif + opcode = codeImage[ programCounter++ ]; + + switch ( opcode ) { +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + default: + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "Bad VM instruction" ); // this should be scanned on load! +#endif + case OP_BREAK: + vm->breakCount++; + goto nextInstruction2; + case OP_CONST: + opStack++; + r1 = r0; + r0 = *opStack = r2; + + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction2; + case OP_LOCAL: + opStack++; + r1 = r0; + r0 = *opStack = r2+programStack; + + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction2; + + case OP_LOAD4: +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + if ( *opStack & 3 ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "OP_LOAD4 misaligned" ); + } +#endif + r0 = *opStack = *(int *)&image[ r0&dataMask&~3 ]; + goto nextInstruction2; + case OP_LOAD2: + r0 = *opStack = *(unsigned short *)&image[ r0&dataMask&~1 ]; + goto nextInstruction2; + case OP_LOAD1: + r0 = *opStack = image[ r0&dataMask ]; + goto nextInstruction2; + + case OP_STORE4: + *(int *)&image[ r1&(dataMask & ~3) ] = r0; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_STORE2: + *(short *)&image[ r1&(dataMask & ~1) ] = r0; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_STORE1: + image[ r1&dataMask ] = r0; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_ARG: + // single byte offset from programStack + *(int *)&image[ (codeImage[programCounter] + programStack)&dataMask&~3 ] = r0; + opStack--; + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_BLOCK_COPY: + { + int *src, *dest; + int count, srci, desti; + + count = r2; + // MrE: copy range check + srci = r0 & dataMask; + desti = r1 & dataMask; + count = ((srci + count) & dataMask) - srci; + count = ((desti + count) & dataMask) - desti; + + src = (int *)&image[ srci ]; + dest = (int *)&image[ desti ]; + + memcpy(dest, src, count); + programCounter += 1; + opStack -= 2; + } + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_CALL: + // save current program counter + *(int *)&image[ programStack ] = programCounter; + + // jump to the location on the stack + programCounter = r0; + opStack--; + if ( programCounter < 0 ) { + // system call + int r; +// int temp; +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + int stomped; + + if ( vm_debugLevel ) { + Com_Printf( "%s---> systemcall(%i)\n", DEBUGSTR, -1 - programCounter ); + } +#endif + // save the stack to allow recursive VM entry +// temp = vm->callLevel; + vm->programStack = programStack - 4; +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + stomped = *(int *)&image[ programStack + 4 ]; +#endif + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 4 ] = -1 - programCounter; + +//VM_LogSyscalls( (int *)&image[ programStack + 4 ] ); + { + // the vm has ints on the stack, we expect + // pointers so we might have to convert it + if (sizeof(intptr_t) != sizeof(int)) { + intptr_t argarr[16]; + int *imagePtr = (int *)&image[programStack]; + int i; + for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) { + argarr[i] = *(++imagePtr); + } + r = vm->systemCall( argarr ); + } else { + intptr_t* argptr = (intptr_t *)&image[ programStack + 4 ]; + r = vm->systemCall( argptr ); + } + } + +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + // this is just our stack frame pointer, only needed + // for debugging + *(int *)&image[ programStack + 4 ] = stomped; +#endif + + // save return value + opStack++; + *opStack = r; + programCounter = *(int *)&image[ programStack ]; +// vm->callLevel = temp; +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + if ( vm_debugLevel ) { + Com_Printf( "%s<--- %s\n", DEBUGSTR, VM_ValueToSymbol( vm, programCounter ) ); + } +#endif + } else if ( (unsigned)programCounter >= vm->instructionCount ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM program counter out of range in OP_CALL" ); + } else { + programCounter = vm->instructionPointers[ programCounter ]; + } + goto nextInstruction; + + // push and pop are only needed for discarded or bad function return values + case OP_PUSH: + opStack++; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_POP: + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_ENTER: +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + profileSymbol = VM_ValueToFunctionSymbol( vm, programCounter ); +#endif + // get size of stack frame + v1 = r2; + + programCounter += 1; + programStack -= v1; +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + // save old stack frame for debugging traces + *(int *)&image[programStack+4] = programStack + v1; + if ( vm_debugLevel ) { + Com_Printf( "%s---> %s\n", DEBUGSTR, VM_ValueToSymbol( vm, programCounter - 5 ) ); + if ( vm->breakFunction && programCounter - 5 == vm->breakFunction ) { + // this is to allow setting breakpoints here in the debugger + vm->breakCount++; +// vm_debugLevel = 2; +// VM_StackTrace( vm, programCounter, programStack ); + } +// vm->callLevel++; + } +#endif + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_LEAVE: + // remove our stack frame + v1 = r2; + + programStack += v1; + + // grab the saved program counter + programCounter = *(int *)&image[ programStack ]; +#ifdef DEBUG_VM + profileSymbol = VM_ValueToFunctionSymbol( vm, programCounter ); + if ( vm_debugLevel ) { +// vm->callLevel--; + Com_Printf( "%s<--- %s\n", DEBUGSTR, VM_ValueToSymbol( vm, programCounter ) ); + } +#endif + // check for leaving the VM + if ( programCounter == -1 ) { + goto done; + } else if ( (unsigned)programCounter >= vm->codeLength ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM program counter out of range in OP_LEAVE" ); + } + goto nextInstruction; + + /* + =================================================================== + BRANCHES + =================================================================== + */ + + case OP_JUMP: + if ( (unsigned)r0 >= vm->instructionCount ) + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "VM program counter out of range in OP_JUMP" ); + + programCounter = vm->instructionPointers[ r0 ]; + + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_EQ: + opStack -= 2; + if ( r1 == r0 ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_NE: + opStack -= 2; + if ( r1 != r0 ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_LTI: + opStack -= 2; + if ( r1 < r0 ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_LEI: + opStack -= 2; + if ( r1 <= r0 ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_GTI: + opStack -= 2; + if ( r1 > r0 ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_GEI: + opStack -= 2; + if ( r1 >= r0 ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_LTU: + opStack -= 2; + if ( ((unsigned)r1) < ((unsigned)r0) ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_LEU: + opStack -= 2; + if ( ((unsigned)r1) <= ((unsigned)r0) ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_GTU: + opStack -= 2; + if ( ((unsigned)r1) > ((unsigned)r0) ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_GEU: + opStack -= 2; + if ( ((unsigned)r1) >= ((unsigned)r0) ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_EQF: + if ( ((float *)opStack)[-1] == *(float *)opStack ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_NEF: + if ( ((float *)opStack)[-1] != *(float *)opStack ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_LTF: + if ( ((float *)opStack)[-1] < *(float *)opStack ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_LEF: + if ( ((float *)opStack)[-1] <= *(float *)opStack ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_GTF: + if ( ((float *)opStack)[-1] > *(float *)opStack ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + case OP_GEF: + if ( ((float *)opStack)[-1] >= *(float *)opStack ) { + programCounter = r2; //vm->instructionPointers[r2]; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } else { + programCounter += 1; + opStack -= 2; + goto nextInstruction; + } + + + //=================================================================== + + case OP_NEGI: + *opStack = -r0; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_ADD: + opStack[-1] = r1 + r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_SUB: + opStack[-1] = r1 - r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_DIVI: + opStack[-1] = r1 / r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_DIVU: + opStack[-1] = ((unsigned)r1) / ((unsigned)r0); + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_MODI: + opStack[-1] = r1 % r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_MODU: + opStack[-1] = ((unsigned)r1) % (unsigned)r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_MULI: + opStack[-1] = r1 * r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_MULU: + opStack[-1] = ((unsigned)r1) * ((unsigned)r0); + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_BAND: + opStack[-1] = ((unsigned)r1) & ((unsigned)r0); + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_BOR: + opStack[-1] = ((unsigned)r1) | ((unsigned)r0); + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_BXOR: + opStack[-1] = ((unsigned)r1) ^ ((unsigned)r0); + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_BCOM: + *opStack = ~ ((unsigned)r0); + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_LSH: + opStack[-1] = r1 << r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_RSHI: + opStack[-1] = r1 >> r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_RSHU: + opStack[-1] = ((unsigned)r1) >> r0; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_NEGF: + *(float *)opStack = -*(float *)opStack; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_ADDF: + *(float *)(opStack-1) = *(float *)(opStack-1) + *(float *)opStack; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_SUBF: + *(float *)(opStack-1) = *(float *)(opStack-1) - *(float *)opStack; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_DIVF: + *(float *)(opStack-1) = *(float *)(opStack-1) / *(float *)opStack; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_MULF: + *(float *)(opStack-1) = *(float *)(opStack-1) * *(float *)opStack; + opStack--; + goto nextInstruction; + + case OP_CVIF: + *(float *)opStack = (float)*opStack; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_CVFI: + *opStack = (int) *(float *)opStack; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_SEX8: + *opStack = (signed char)*opStack; + goto nextInstruction; + case OP_SEX16: + *opStack = (short)*opStack; + goto nextInstruction; + } + } + +done: + vm->currentlyInterpreting = qfalse; + + if ( opStack != &stack[1] ) { + Com_Error( ERR_DROP, "Interpreter error: opStack = %ld", (long int) (opStack - stack) ); + } + + vm->programStack = stackOnEntry; + + // return the result + return *opStack; +} |